Bank of America (BofA) has released its thought-provoking list of “Ten Surprises for 2025,” highlighting plausible, high-impact events that could disrupt markets but remain overlooked by investors. The bank emphasizes that these are not official forecasts but rather contrarian scenarios that could reshape the global economic landscape.
Here’s a closer look at BofA’s surprising predictions for 2025:
1. S&P 500 Soars for a Third Straight Year
The S&P 500 could deliver over 20% returns for the third consecutive year, following a 25% gain in 2024 and a 26% surge in 2023. This would mark only the 13th time since 1871 that U.S. equities have achieved back-to-back-to-back gains exceeding 20%.
2. Tariffs Prove Effective
BofA suggests that “tough love” trade policies targeting countries with large trade surpluses could spur U.S. production, boost employment, raise wages, and reduce the trade deficit, challenging conventional wisdom on tariffs.
3. Deregulation Unlocks Capital Expenditure
The 2024 Loper Bright Supreme Court decision, which nullified the Chevron doctrine, and the Corner Post decision, granting firms new standing to challenge regulations, could remove barriers to business investment. Coupled with the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), these changes may unlock significant capital expenditure (Capex).
4. AI Hits a Wall: Training Data Runs Dry
By 2025, the artificial intelligence (AI) boom could plateau as the industry confronts data scarcity, energy limitations, and overly optimistic earnings forecasts, tempering the current wave of AI enthusiasm.
5. Bond Buyers Go on Strike
U.S. households, which have purchased $1.6 trillion in Treasuries since mid-2020, have suffered approximately 30% losses on intermediate and long-term debt. This could lead to a retreat from the bond market, creating a new class of “bond recusants.”
6. Eurozone Shifts from Zero-Debt, Zero-Energy Policies
German elections in 2025 could pave the way for increased military and energy investments, potentially including new joint European debt issuance. This shift could transform “value trap” EU equities into deep-value opportunities.
7. A Stronger Japanese Yen Disrupts Growth Stocks
A reversal in the Japanese yen (JPY) from its July 2024 low of >160 sparked a 14% selloff in the Nasdaq 100. In 2025, a stronger yen, driven by improved economic conditions and a more hawkish Bank of Japan (BoJ), could force unwinds of carry trades, particularly affecting overvalued U.S. growth stocks.
8. Demand for Alternatives Creates Its Own Supply
The insatiable demand for private funds could expand further with new ETFs trading private credit and potential regulatory changes allowing 401k investments in the asset class. While this could unlock capital for middle-market businesses, it also raises risks due to the opaque and illiquid nature of these investments.
9. The Internet Faces a Critical Shutdown
Subsea cables, the backbone of global communication and financial networks, are increasingly vulnerable. BofA warns that cutting the wrong (or right) cable could result in a catastrophic shutdown of key digital infrastructure, with far-reaching consequences.
10. Electrical Grid Failures Cause $600 Billion in Losses
The fragility of the U.S. electrical grid, combined with rising demand and unreliable supply, could lead to significant power outages. BofA estimates that a combination of severe storms and mismanagement could result in $600 billion in losses—equivalent to 2% of GDP—in 2025.
